Gender Differences In Visual And Tactile Line Bisection Essays

Gender Differences In Visual And Tactile Line Bisection Running Head: ATTENTIONAL BIAS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS Gender Differences in Visual and Tactile Line Bisection: Attentional Bias in Normal Subjects Abstract Attentional bias in line bisections may be influenced by the position of the stimulus, the type of stimulus, and the gender of the bisector. Past research has found that below eye level bisection stimuli is biased away from the body in the visual mode, and towards the body in the tactile mode. Above eye level bisections have not been significantly biased in either direction due to a cancellation of the object centered bias by the body centered bias. Research has also concluded that no gender differences are statistically significant in attentional bias studies, using line bisection tasks. This report suggests that gender differences are statistically significant in favor of male subjects, when using above eye level stimuli, and when using tactile stimuli. Overall, however, these differences become statistically insignificant, when combined with below eye level tasks and visual tasks. Current findings also point to a trend towards supporting past research findings which state that in below eye level bisections both males and females are biased away from the body in the visual mode, and towards the body in the tactile mode. Gender Differences in Visual and Tactile Line Bisections: Attentional Bias in Normal Subjects The act of survival requires humans to pay attention to their surroundings. In order to pay attention to surroundings, one must allocate resources of attention to the space around ones body. Taking a common sense approach, the sense of vision and the sense of touch would be the candidates for most important senses in terms of survival. For example, imagine a primitive hunter trying to catch prey, using only his sense of smell; or imagine someone trying to build a hut, without the use of sensitive fingers to wield tools. Vision is generally used as a means to detect and interpret objects at a distance, whereas, touch is used to detect and interpret objects which are relatively close to the body. Historically, visual and tactile attention have been studied along a left-right horizontal axis (Shelton, Bowers, however, there has been a recent expansion of this research, into the vertical and radial axes. The current study will attempt to confirm the findings of Geldmacher and Heilman (1 994), Jeerakathil and Kirk (1994), and Drain and Reuter-Lorenz (1996) that below eye level bisection stimuli will be biased away from the body (far peripersonal space) in the visual mode, and towards the body (near peripersonal space) in the tactile mode. Above eye level bisections should not be significantly biased, however, due to a cancellation of biases i.e., the object centered bias nullifies body centered bias. Drain and Reuter-Lorenz (1996) are one of the only research teams to have considered gender as a factor in the results of such studies. They concluded that although gender does contribute to real sex differences, it is not a significant factor in assessing attentional bias in normal subjects on line bisection tasks, due to the minuteness of these differences. However, given the common perception that males are superior to females in tasks of visuo-spatial dexterity (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974, Caplan, MacPherson, & Tobin, 1985, Newcombe & Dubas, 1992, all as cited in Dworetzky, 1996), it should be a natural to examine the results of men vis-?-vis women. Thus, in the spirit of gender equality and the pursuit of confirming such a hypothesis, the current study will include gender as a factor of analysis. In 1994, Geldmacher and Heilman studied 10 normal subjects in radial line bisection tasks. That is, they had participants determine where the middles of lines were, when the lines ran outward from the subjects bodies, on a horizontal plane. They found that significant near peripersonal misbisections occurred in the above eye level tasks. Whereas, far peripersonal misbisections were replicated in the below eye level tasks. Further, Jeerakathil and Kirk (1994) found similar results. Their study showed significant bisection biases towards the TOP (they used labels at each end of stimulus lines: TOP, BOTTOM) of both horizontal and vertical lines, as well as in the below eye level radial condition. Again, the

HNC social care Essay Example

HNC social care Essay Example HNC social care Essay HNC social care Essay Maltreatment can be defined as to handle wrongfully or detrimentally . There are different classs of maltreatment that have been recognized and within our instance survey at that place appears to be two distinguishable signifiers of maltreatment, domestic maltreatment and kid maltreatment. These can be sub divided into footings of physical maltreatment, emotional /psychological maltreatment, and non-organic failure to boom. Physical maltreatment is the knowing inflicting of physical hurt or injury or intentionally non forestalling injury occurring. The minimal physical marks seen in our survey to both Mrs Black and James are contusing with fishy alibis for their visual aspect. Emotional maltreatment is the continual failure to run into basic emotional demands. Emotional development is stunted and well- being impaired. The emotional marks in our instance survey can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioral mark to mistreat taking topographic point to James is his aggressive behavior. The short term effects of physical maltreatment to James are contusing and hurting. In the long term repeating hurts can ensue in secondary unwellness and complications, lasting scarring and disfiguration. His emotional effects in the short term are a fright of grownups or others, backdown, hapless relationship with his equals. The long term emotional effects for James could be low ego regard, depression, inability to organize relationships. Maltreatment can originate for many grounds and there are a figure of theoretical positions which may be utile in clear uping why the maltreatment has taken topographic point. The Feminist position believes that gender and household functions gives blessing to a civilization of maltreatment. See the historical and stereotyped thoughts of the household, with work forces, adult females and kids holding definite functions. With the work forces holding power and control in the position of maltreatment. In James instance he lives in a reconstituted household with the male parent figure being dominant and a heavy drinker. From a psychological position, intoxicant abuse can convey mental wellness jobs which may increase aggression in the individual and so James is more at hazard from maltreatment by his measure father. The household disfunction theory suggests that the household is non working due to household kineticss. The dysfunctioning household efforts to happen alternate ways of get b ying. The relationship between the female parent and James, involves a dependence of James on his female parent. With other jobs in James female parents life, this leads to increasing emphasis and the inability of his female parent to get by and pull off the state of affairs within the relationship. The fond regard theory province that important separations of a kid from the carer in the early old ages can hold an consequence on their emotional development and can take to psychological and societal troubles in ulterior life. With the loss of both his male parent and his sisters` male parent with whom he was near, may hold contributed to his impairment of his behavior If a client begins to do a revelation of maltreatment it is of import to guarantee privateness and confidentiality. It is necessary to demo that listening accomplishments are employed and that I remain unagitated and receptive. I must listen without break and do it clear that I am taking their revelation earnestly. I must merely inquire inquiries of elucidation if I am ill-defined as to what the vulnerable grownup is stating. It is of import that I acknowledge their bravery in coming frontward and state them that they are non responsible for the maltreatment. I must allow it be known to them what I will make to assist them and where possible acquire their consent to inform my line director. I must talk to my client in comfy and quiet milieus. I would inquire my client to sit down where I shall utilize SOLER techniques to help in communicating. Using the SOLER theory I would utilize the five basic constituents used in communicating. I would sit forthrightly on at the tabular array tur ned towards one another. I would follow an unfastened position. I would sit so that we have regular but varied oculus contact and that my client could see my facial looks and gestures to help in communicating. This would besides allow him cognize that I am involved in the state of affairs. I would tilt frontward somewhat to convey to him that I am interested and committed to actively listen to him. This adhered to our organisations policy on Confidentiality and the Data Protection Act of 1998 leting my client to voice his concerns without concern and protected his privateness. I would inform him that they are non responsible for the maltreatment. I must allow it be known to him what I will make to assist him and where possible acquire his consent to inform my line director. It is of import that I make an immediate record of what the vulnerable grownup has said, utilizing merely their ain words. This should be recorded in the Incident Book, clearly, accurately and decipherably, and s o reported to the Line Manager who is responsible for any farther action. As we do non provide a attention service, we are non required to register with the Care Commission, but we guarantee all our policies and processs meet their criterions. As all clients under these criterions are lawfully allowed an individualized attention program, we alternatively have an activity program. The policy and processs on maltreatment of our administration are underpinned by the National Care Standards which were set up under the Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001. This Act came about to modulate the attention and societal work force and set out the principals of good attention pattern. The Care Commission was set up under this Act to register, modulate and inspect all attention services listed in the Act. It besides established The Scottish Social Services Council ( SSSC ) . ( ref1 ) The SSSC has purposes and aims to protect the service users, rise criterions, strengthen and support work force professionalism. An illustration of the codification of pattern on maltr eatment, of the SSSC is `to protect the rights and promote the involvements of the service users and carers. Strive to set up and keep trust and assurance of service users and carers. Promote the independency of service users while protecting them every bit far as possible from danger or injury. Respect the rights of service users and guarantee that their behavior does non harm themselves or others.` The policy for protecting vulnerable people within our administration is achieved through the careful choice, testing, preparation and supervising of staff and voluntaries. Under The Protection of Vulnerable Groups ( Scotland ) Act 2007 a codification of good pattern for vulnerable grownups within our administration has been developed which expects staff or voluntaries surmising or hold had maltreatment disclosed must instantly describe the concerns to their line director and compose up an incident study. The line director will discourse the concerns with the individual describing the m altreatment ; she will clear up the concerns and obtain all known relevant information. This will so be forwarded to the appropriate local Social Work Department saying that it concerns vulnerable grownup protection. In the absence of a line director the concerns should be reported straight to the local Social work section and so inform the line director every bit shortly as possible. The societal work section after probe may hold to inform the constabulary to look into farther. ( ref2 ) the primary function of Registered Social Workers is the protection and publicity of the public assistance of kids, vulnerable grownups and the publicity of the public assistance of communities in conformity with the Scottish Social Services Council s Code of Practice for Social Service Workers. ( ref3 ) The societal work section will work with the constabulary to transport out joint enquires if necessary and organise instance reappraisals and protection conferences. The constabulary will maintai n safe from injury the person who has been subjected to mistreat and may name for a medical scrutiny. They will analyze and roll up grounds, interview suspects, place wrongdoers and arrange instances for prosecution. The GP or hospital Doctor possibly involved giving medical grounds of maltreatment and handling the person. Under our codification of good pattern in forestalling maltreatment it is of import that I avoid unseen state of affairss of one -to-one contact with a vulnerable grownup. I must neer ask for a vulnerable grownup to my place ; I must neer offer to take a vulnerable grownup entirely in my ain vehicle, if it is necessary to make things of a personal nature e.g. toileting, I must hold the consent and cognition of the carers and my line director, before making any of the above. I must non prosecute or let any sexually provocative games affecting or observed by vulnerable grownups. I must neer do or let implicative comments or discrimatory remarks to be made to a vulnerable grownup. I must non prosecute in or digest intimidation, or inappropriate physical behavior. I must esteem all vulnerable grownups irrespective of age, gender, ethnicity, disablement or sexual individuality. I must avoid favoritism and singling out trouble makers . I must neer trivialize maltreatment and neer all ow allegations of maltreatment go unreported, including any made against myself. The policy and processs of our administration adhere to the Protection of Vulnerable Groups Act ( Scotland ) 2007 by guaranting as a manner of vetting and excluding every voluntary and employee has undergone a Disclosure which shows any strong beliefs. If any strong beliefs suggest that maltreatment of our clients is a possibility so they would non be allowed to volunteer or be employed. Beginnings of support for workers in the field of forestalling maltreatment can be provided by statutory, voluntary, and private or independent administrations. Statutory services have a distinguishable concern laid down by statute law e.g. societal services and NHS. The voluntary sector is run on a non net income doing footing and have arisen through a recognized demand and reflect society`s feelings. E.g. Advocacy, Mencap. Private administrations make a net income but I am non cognizant of any private local administration that supports vulnerable grownups enduring maltreatment. Support can dwell of Casework, by working on a one to one footing, by reding once more one to one, and by group work conveying people together with shared issues to decide jobs together. ( Ref4 ) Cultural values play a portion in specifying what is considered opprobrious behavior.What we in the UK consider maltreatment may non be considered maltreatment in another civilization. For illustration, domestic maltreatment has merely late become abhorrent in the UK. As up until the 1970s/80s, domestic maltreatment was considered a matrimonial job and to be accepted, but today we have small tolerance for domestic maltreatment. But, today, cultural minority adult females still run the hazard of long periods of maltreatment and happen it hard to describe, households expect adult females to set up with it, as cultural adult females are considered their hubbies belongings. Honour killings` are non unknown amongst cultural minorities utilizing spiritual text as justification. ( Ref5 ) Female Circumcision is another culturally accepted signifier of maltreatment, still practised in 28 states in Africa. It is seen to command female gender and sex outside matrimony. This is done to girl s age scope from 4 to 12. It normally takes topographic point in un- hygienic conditions with potentially fatal effects. Sometimes, workers may hold problem accepting the motivations of people who are involved in maltreatment. There may be the demand to inquire why and how can they hold abused? Where they merely bad or huffy? Possibly the workers values and beliefs make working with an maltreater distasteful. However, a professional attack to working with an maltreater must be taken. For those who work with maltreaters there is a demand to understand why people abuse. Abusive behavior can sometimes be the consequence of mental wellness jobs, empathy shortage, encephalon harm or being abused themselves. By going the maltreater they believe they are taking control, some even believe that they are non making anything incorrect and can non halt themselves. When working with persons who have abused it is of import to be cognizant that they may travel on to mistreat once more and every bit good as seeking to handle the implicit in cause for maltreatment their is a demand to protect the community from the maltreater. So, the usage of hazard appraisals are of import to maintain safe when working with an maltreater. ( Ref7 ) It is of import to be able to understand likely hazards and take appropriate action to cut down them. Effective communicating and personal accomplishments are utile to understand and cut down possible struggles. Contemplation on my ain values and how they may impact my pattern and consciousness and apprehension of the maltreaters cultu ral values and background is required to guarantee consciousness and intercession is employed when required. Mentions. SSSC. ( 2009 ) . Codes of Practice. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arcuk.org.uk/silo/files/791.pdf. Last accessed 09/02/2010. Stephen Smellie. ( 2005 ) . Role of the Social Worker: Protection of Title. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unison-scotland.org.uk/response/swrole2.html. Last accessed 09/02/2010 Elizabeth Bingham + . ( 2009 ) . Protection including safeguarding and direction of risk.. In: HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 229. Mary Barnish. ( 2004 ) . Domestic Violence: A Literature Review. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.domestic-violence-and-abuse.co.uk/information/Cultural-Differences-in-the-UK.php. Last accessed 13/02/2010. French republics A. Althaus. ( 1997 ) . Female January 1: Rite of Passage or Violation of Rights? Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2313097.html. Last accessed 13/02/2010. Kathryn Patricelli. ( 2005 ) . Why do people mistreat? . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php? type=doc A ; id=8482. Last accessed 13/02/2010. Elizabeth Bingham + . ( 2009 ) . Issues involved in protection from maltreatment. In: HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 217.

Computer Crime & Identity Theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Computer Crime & Identity Theft - Essay Example For the purposes of this paper, the particular computer crime will be concentrated in the area of identity theft and the impact it has both personally and economically on the individual and society. What is Identity Theft? The encyclopedic definition of identity theft is the use of another person’s identity, i.e. financial, personal, geographic or another source, to commit fraud or other types of misrepresentation. By using another person's social security number, drivers license number, date of birth, address, online information one may open bank accounts, apply for loans and credit cards, get a cell phone and so on. In addition to financial loss that can result from identity theft, by using another’s identity the credit history and even the legal history of the victim can be damaged in the extreme. ("Identity Theft," 2007) According to the Identity Theft and Assumption Act of 1998, identity theft (ID theft), occurs when someone is "knowingly transferring or using, without lawful authority, a means of identification of another person with the intent to commit, or to aid or abet, in the unlawful activity that constitutes a violation of federal law." It is a federal crime. (Alt, 2007, p. 67) Until recently all Computer Crime was difficult to prosecute for a number of reasons. One of the biggest problems is that large companies often refuse to publicize their involvement when someone has hacked into their system and stolen data or damaged programs and information. By revealing that their systems have been compromised a company may subject itself to a loss of consumer confidence and potentially lose many clients, depending on the product or service they offer.   The company may also be subjected to lawsuits from clients who claim that there was no due diligence performed as regards the security of their information. It is estimated that between twenty-five and fifty percent of all business have experienced some sort of intrusion or breach of security of their computer networks.